Würzburg Totally Explained

Everything about W Rzburg totally explained

Würzburg [ˈvʏɐ̯ʦbʊɐ̯k] is a city in the region of Franconia which lies in the northern tip of Bavaria, Germany. Located on the Main River, it's the capital of the Regierungsbezirk Unterfranken. The regional dialect is Franconian.
Würzburg is approximately 80 minutes from Frankfurt by train, and almost an hour from Nuremberg. Distances to the nearest cities by motorway: Frankfurt 115 km, Nuremberg 115 km, Stuttgart 150 km, Kassel 215 km.
The city of Würzburg isn't included in the district of Würzburg, but is its administrative seat. Its population is 131,320 as of December 31, 2006.

History

By 1000 BC a Celtic fortification stood the site of the Fortress Marienberg. It was Christianized in 686 by the Irish missionaries Kilian, Colman and Totnan. The city is first mentioned as Vurteburch in 704. The first diocese was founded by St. Bonifatius in 742. He appointed the first bishop of Würzburg, St. Burkhard. The bishops eventually created a duchy with its center in the city, which extended in the 12th century to Eastern Franconia. The city was the seat of several Imperial diets, including the one of 1180, in which Henry the Lion was banned from the Empire and his duchy was handed over to Otto of Wittelsbach.
   The first church at the site of the cathedral was built as early as 788, and consecrated that same year by Charlemagne; the current building was constructed from 1040 to 1225 in Romanesque style. The University of Würzburg was founded in 1402 and re-founded in 1582. The citizens of the city revolted several times against the bishop-prince, until definitively defeated in 1400. Later, Würzburg was a center of the German Peasants' War; the castle was besieged unsuccessfully. Notable prince-bishops include Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn (1573-1617) and members of the Schönborn family, who commissioned a great number of the monuments of today's city. In 1631, Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus invaded the town and destroyed the castle.
   In 1720, the foundations of the Würzburg Residence were laid. In 1814, the town became part of the Bavarian state and a new bishopric was created seven years later, as the former one had been secolarized in 1802. The city had passed to Bavaria in 1803, but two years later, in the course of the Napoleonic Wars, it became the seat of the short-lived Duchy of Würzburg. Würzburg was restored to Bavaria in 1814.
   Massacres of Jews took place in 1147 and 1298 and expulsions throughout the Middle Ages. In the period of Nazi rule. almost the whole Jewish population of the city was wiped out.
   During World War II, on March 16, 1945, about 85% of the city was destroyed by some 225 Lancaster bombers in 17 minutes by a British air raid. Most of the city's churches, cathedrals, and other monuments didn't survive, while the city center, dating from medieval times, was totally destroyed in a firestorm in which some 5,000 people perished. During the next 20 years, the buildings of historical importance were painstakingly and accurately replicated. The citizens who rebuilt the city included many women, called Trümmerfrauen (Rubblewomen). Relatively, Würzburg was destroyed more completely than was Dresden in a firebombing the previous month.
   Since the end of the war, Würzburg has been host to the US Army's 3rd Infantry Division, 1st Infantry Division, US Army Hospital and various other US military units who have maintained a presence in Germany. The local Würzburg economy benefited greatly from the US military presence. However, these units are due to withdraw from Würzburg by 2008 which brings to an end over 60 years of US military stationed in Würzburg.

Town structure

Würzburg is divided into 13 municipals which are additionally structured 25 boroughs. In the following overview, the boroughs and their numbers are allocated to the 13 municipals.

01 Altstadt

Dom (01)
Neumünster (02)
Peter (03)
Innere Pleich (04)
Haug (05)
Äußere Pleich (06)
Rennweg (09)
Mainviertel (17)

02 Zellerau

Zellerau (18) 03 Dürrbachtal

Dürrbachau (07)

Unterdürrbach (22)

Oberdürrbach (23) 04 Grombühl

Grombühl (08) 05 Lindleinsmühle

Lindleinsmühle (19)

06 Frauenland

Mönchberg (10)

Frauenland (11)

Keesburg (12) 07 Sanderau

Sanderau (13) 08 Heidingsfeld

Heidingsfeld (14) 09 Heuchelhof

Heuchelhof (20)

10 Steinbachtal

Steinbachtal (15)

Nikolausberg (16) 11 Versbach

Versbach (24) 12 Lengfeld

Lengfeld (25) 13 Rottenbauer

Rottenbauer (21)

Commerce, business and transportation

Würzburg is mainly known as an administrative center. Its largest employers are the Julius-Maximilians-University which is one of the oldest universities in Germany, first founded in 1402 and the municipality. The largest private employer is world market leader Koenig & Bauer, a maker of printing machines.
The town is located on the intersection of the Autobahns A 3 and A 7. The city's main station is at the southern end of the Hanover-Würzburg high-speed rail line and offers frequent InterCityExpress and InterCity connections to cities such as Frankfurt, Munich, Kassel, Hanover or Hamburg. It also is an important hub in the regional rail network. The Main river flows into the Rhine and is connected to the Danube via the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal. This makes it part of a trans-European waterway connecting the North Sea to the Black Sea. Würzburg is also the capital of the German wine region Franconia which is famous for its mineralic dry white wines espacially from the Silvaner grape.

Arts and architecture

Notable artists that lived in Würzburg include poet Walther von der Vogelweide (12th and 13th cent.), philosopher Albertus Magnus and painter Mathias Grunewald. Two artists who made a lasting impression were sculptor Tilman Riemenschneider (1460-1531), who was also mayor and participated in the Peasants' War, and Balthasar Neumann (1687-1753), baroque architect and builder of the Würzburg Residence that's a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Its interior was decorated by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo and his son, Domenico.
   Many of the city's "100 churches" survived intact with styles ranging from romanesque (Cathedral Saint Kilian), gothic (Marienkapelle), renaissance (Neubaukirche), baroque (Stift Haug Kirche) to modern (St Andreas).
   Würzburg hosts the Mainfranken Museum, with artifacts from prehistory until modern times, a Museum of the cathedral, galleries for ancient and modern art, and the "Kulturspeicher" from 2002. Notable festivals include the Afrika Fest in May, the Mozart Fest, in June/July and the Kiliani Volksfest in mid July.

Main sights

Würzburg Residenz: The vast complex on the eastern edge of the town was commissioned by two prince-bishops, the brothers Johann Philipp Franz and Friedrich Karl von Schönborn. Its construction between 1720 and 1744 was supervised by several architects, including Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt and Maximilian von Welsch. However, it's associated mainly with the name of Balthasar Neumann, the creator of its famous Baroque staircase. Its main sights are:

Hofkirche: The church interior is richly decorated with paintings, sculptures and stucco ornaments. The altars were painted by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo.
Treppenhaus: The largest fresco in the world adorns the vault of the staircase by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo.
Kaisersaal: The centerpiece of the palace, emperor's chamber which testifies the close relationship between Würzburg and the Holy Roman Empire.

The Fortress Marienberg is the castle on a hill across the Old Main Bridge, overlooking the whole town area as well as the surrounding hills. Würzburg's Old Main Bridge was built 1473–1543 to replace the destroyed Romanesque bridge. It was adorned with well-known statues of saints about 1730.

Among Würzburg's many notable churches are the Käppele, a small Baroque/Rococo chapel by Balthasar Neumann on a hill opposite to the fortress and the Dom (Cathedral of Saint Kilian). The baroque Schönborn Chapel, a side-chapel of the Dome has interior decoration made of (artificial) human bones and skulls. Also in the Dome are two of Tilman Riemenschneider's most famous works, the tomb stones of Rudolf II von Scherenberg (1466–1495) and Lorenz von Bibra (1495–1519). Look for replicas of the statues of Adam and Eve by Riemenschneider at the entrance to Marienkapelle (on market square). The Neumünster is a Romanesque minster with a baroque facade and dome. Under the baroque churches in the inner city are Stift Haug, St. Michael, St. Stephan and St. Peter.

The Julius Spital is a baroque hospital with a courtyard and a church built by the prince bishop Julius Echter. Its medieval wine cellar, together with those of the Würzburg Residence and the Bürgerspital are one place to taste the Frankenwein. With an area under cultivation of 1.68 square kilometres, the Julius Spital is the second largest winery in Germany.

The Haus zum Falken next to the Marienkapelle, with its splendid facade, is an achievement of the Würzburg rococo period and keeps a tourist office.

University of Würzburg

Wilhelm Röntgen's original laboratory, where he discovered x-rays in 1895 is at the University of Würzburg.

The University awarded Alexander Graham Bell an honorary Ph.D for his pioneering scientific work.

Notable people

Philipp Franz von Siebold was among the first Westerners to visit and work in Japan

Werner Heisenberg

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, who discovered the X-Rays on the 28th December 1895.

Leonhard Frank, an expressionist writer.

Waltraud Meier, world-class opera singer.

The American artist Mark Bloch was born on the U.S. Military base in Würzburg in 1956.

Frank Baumann.

Dirk Nowitzki

Björn Emmerling

Oskar Dirlewanger, war criminal and S.S. leader of the SS-Sturmbrigade Dirlewanger and

Historic population figures for Würzburg

Year	Population
1200	5,000
1787	18,070
1900	84,335
1939	112,997
1950	86,564
1961	126,093
1970	128,547
1987	123,378
2002	131,582
2004	133,539
2006	134,913

Twin towns

Würzburg maintains cultural, economic + educational ties with:

Faribault, U.S., since 1949

Dundee, UK, since 1962

Caen, France, since 1962

Rochester, U.S., since 1966

Mwanza, Tanzania, since 1966

Otsu, Japan, since 1979

Salamanca, Spain, since 1980

Suhl, Germany, since 1988

Umeå, Sweden, since 1992

Bray, Ireland, since 2000 Associated:

With the Germans of the district Trautenau, Czech Republic since 1956Further Information

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